europe test

today we took our test of Europe. I think it went really well. If I do a good job my grade might go up to a high B which will really help my GPA. this is our last class, i won't have him Monday and we have every class Tuesday for exam review. The year has gone by so fast. I've really enjoyed having Mr. Schick as a teacher and i'm going to miss him next year. But now that this test is done i need to focus on my exams. Really hope it goes well and i can finish freshmen year off well.

europe notes

• luther's ideas are becoming popular so the church criticizes him and his "heretical" ideas
• luter suggests Christians drive the pope from the church by force
• in 1520 pope Leo X issues a decree threatening Luther with excommunication unless he takes back his statements
• Luther before a cheering crowd of his Wittenberg students throws the pope's decree into a bonfire
• Pope Leo X excommunicates Luther 
• holy roman emperor Charles V is a devout Christian who wants Luther to recant
• Luther refuses so Charles orders Luther put "on trial" at the diet of worms
• diet: assembly or convention
• worms: city in Germany
• because of his lack of repentance Luther is declared an outlaw and heretic
• luter escapes from worms
• he is to be arrested on sight
• it is a crime for anyone in the empire to give Luther food or shelter
• his writings were banned and books were burned
• anyone is permitted to kill luter without legal consequences
• Prince Frederick helps him
• Luther returns to Wittenberg
• many of his ideas are being put into practice
• some followers formed a separate religion
• some princes still loyal to the pope
• some princes supported Luther
• protestants were applied to Christians who belonged to non-catholic churches
• Catholic means universal or whole

europe notes

• Luther and the Reformation
• from criticism to rebellion
• socially: the Renaissance emphasis on the secular (worldly) and the individual challenged church authority
• the printing press helped spread these ideas
• politically: some rulers began to challenge the church's political power
• economically: northern merchants resented paying church taxes to rome
• religious reform, please
• corrupt leadership
• Renaissance - era popes spent extravagantly on personal pleasure
• pope alexander VI admitted that he fathered several children
• many priest and monks were poorly educated
• how can you teach if you can barely read
• some priest broke their vows, got married, and had children
• some priest drank to excess, and many gambled
• the selling of indulgence (pardons) "releases a sinner from performing the penalty a priest imposed for sins"
• Johann Tetzel was a monk who sold indulgences to help rebuild St. Peter's Cathedral
• a monk named Martin Luther objected to this practice
• Martin Luther was born in Germany in 1483
• he attended the University of Erfurt (party school)
• after getting his degree, he enrolls in law school (father's wishes)
• as people are dying of the plague, he drops out almost immediately
• Martin was on his way back to school after a visit home and was caught in a thunderstorm and lightning almost struck him
• he believed he was saved for a reason and decided to become a monk
• Martin drops out of law school
• 1504 - he joins the Augustinian monastery
• 1507 - ordained a priest
• 1508 - starts teaching theology at the University of Wittenberg
• 1508 - gets first bachelor degree
• 1509 - second bachelor degree
• 1512 - becomes a doctor of theology
• all before the age of 30
• Luther thought tetzel was a pardon - merchant (cheating people)
• came up with 95 objections the way the church was doing business
• disputations of Martin Luther on the power and efficacy of indulgence: 95 theses
• 95 theses turned to a document and were taken to a printer
• within two weeks it's all over Germany; two months all over Europe
• reformed = reformation
• luter believes
• people win salvation by faith in God's gift of forgiveness all church teachings should be clearly based on the words of the Bible
• all people with faith are equal people don't need a priest to interpret the bible for them

europe

• Michelangelo painted the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel

we didn't do anything today. Mr. Schick the period to study for the test next Friday on the renaissance. I actually feel really good about it. I might have missed a day but I've made up for it and have gotten all the questions/answers that will be on the test. If I do well on this my grade will be up to at least a high B, so I'm going to do my best to get this one and get my grade up before the end of the year.

Europe notes cont.

• chiaroscuro: light versus dark
• most paintings were religiously based
• the printing press (feat. movable type)
• Chinese had invented the printing press centuries before Johannes Gutenberg revolutionized it in Germany in 1439
• one of the most important and impactful inventions in history

Europe notes

• a super patron: Isabella d'Este
• educated, brilliant
• a gifted singer, lute player, innovative dancer
• wealthy, powerful parents
• she sponsored painters, sculptors, musicians, writers, architects
• a fashionista, she even designed her own perfume
• patron of de Vinci, Raphael, Michelangelo, Bellini, Correggio, and many more
• humanism
• deep interest in what people have already achieved as well as what they are capable of achieving in the future
• it's not a coincidence that humanism resembles the Greek idea of arete
• classical (ancient Greek and Roman) writings were important to them
• worldly (secular) values were essential - concerned with the here and now -
• Christian values still important but separate from secular values
• renaissance man/women
• someone who could master many fields of work
• women were not expected to create art, just inspire artists
• ultimate renaissance man: Leonardo de Vinci
• painter
• scientist
• inventor
• sculptors were realistic figures such as pieta
• carved from marble by Michelangelo from 1498-1499
• found in St. Peter's Basilica in Vatican City
• painters used perspective - using shadow and depth to create the illusion of three dimensions
• they sometimes painted frescoes
• a technique of mural painting executed upon freshly laid wet lime plaster
• pigment merges with the plaster, so the painting becomes an integral part of the wall
• writers wrote in the vernacular - their native language
• previously most scholarly writings were in Latin or Greek
• now literature was wore accessible to the masses
• they wrote to express their own thoughts and feelings
• Shakespeare (English)
• Dante Alighieri (Italian)
• niccolo mackiavelli (italian)
• the theme of Machiavelli the price was that the aims of princes - such as glory or survival - can justify the use of immoral means to achieve those ends

today

today, since I wasn't here Friday I had to catch up. I got my test back, I got an 84%. That's ok, I needed to get a 90% at least to get my grade and that didn't happen. So still stuck at 85%. Made test corrections thanks to zack. I got all the last questions, great. That definitely hurt my score. But we  still have another test coming up, and if I do good on that I should be able to get myself to a high B. Fingers crossed

• Renaissance = rebirth
• cities were the center of the action
• milan and florence had wealthy merchants and bankers
• northern italy: birth place of the renaissance
• artist in these cities was inspired by the former splendor of classical Greece and Rome
• merchants and the Medici
• merchants dominated political life
• the Medici was a powerful banking family
• they paid artisits, writers, and musicans to create beautiful works of art
• they were patrons