europe test

today we took our test of Europe. I think it went really well. If I do a good job my grade might go up to a high B which will really help my GPA. this is our last class, i won't have him Monday and we have every class Tuesday for exam review. The year has gone by so fast. I've really enjoyed having Mr. Schick as a teacher and i'm going to miss him next year. But now that this test is done i need to focus on my exams. Really hope it goes well and i can finish freshmen year off well.

europe notes

• luther's ideas are becoming popular so the church criticizes him and his "heretical" ideas
• luter suggests Christians drive the pope from the church by force
• in 1520 pope Leo X issues a decree threatening Luther with excommunication unless he takes back his statements
• Luther before a cheering crowd of his Wittenberg students throws the pope's decree into a bonfire
• Pope Leo X excommunicates Luther 
• holy roman emperor Charles V is a devout Christian who wants Luther to recant
• Luther refuses so Charles orders Luther put "on trial" at the diet of worms
• diet: assembly or convention
• worms: city in Germany
• because of his lack of repentance Luther is declared an outlaw and heretic
• luter escapes from worms
• he is to be arrested on sight
• it is a crime for anyone in the empire to give Luther food or shelter
• his writings were banned and books were burned
• anyone is permitted to kill luter without legal consequences
• Prince Frederick helps him
• Luther returns to Wittenberg
• many of his ideas are being put into practice
• some followers formed a separate religion
• some princes still loyal to the pope
• some princes supported Luther
• protestants were applied to Christians who belonged to non-catholic churches
• Catholic means universal or whole

europe notes

• Luther and the Reformation
• from criticism to rebellion
• socially: the Renaissance emphasis on the secular (worldly) and the individual challenged church authority
• the printing press helped spread these ideas
• politically: some rulers began to challenge the church's political power
• economically: northern merchants resented paying church taxes to rome
• religious reform, please
• corrupt leadership
• Renaissance - era popes spent extravagantly on personal pleasure
• pope alexander VI admitted that he fathered several children
• many priest and monks were poorly educated
• how can you teach if you can barely read
• some priest broke their vows, got married, and had children
• some priest drank to excess, and many gambled
• the selling of indulgence (pardons) "releases a sinner from performing the penalty a priest imposed for sins"
• Johann Tetzel was a monk who sold indulgences to help rebuild St. Peter's Cathedral
• a monk named Martin Luther objected to this practice
• Martin Luther was born in Germany in 1483
• he attended the University of Erfurt (party school)
• after getting his degree, he enrolls in law school (father's wishes)
• as people are dying of the plague, he drops out almost immediately
• Martin was on his way back to school after a visit home and was caught in a thunderstorm and lightning almost struck him
• he believed he was saved for a reason and decided to become a monk
• Martin drops out of law school
• 1504 - he joins the Augustinian monastery
• 1507 - ordained a priest
• 1508 - starts teaching theology at the University of Wittenberg
• 1508 - gets first bachelor degree
• 1509 - second bachelor degree
• 1512 - becomes a doctor of theology
• all before the age of 30
• Luther thought tetzel was a pardon - merchant (cheating people)
• came up with 95 objections the way the church was doing business
• disputations of Martin Luther on the power and efficacy of indulgence: 95 theses
• 95 theses turned to a document and were taken to a printer
• within two weeks it's all over Germany; two months all over Europe
• reformed = reformation
• luter believes
• people win salvation by faith in God's gift of forgiveness all church teachings should be clearly based on the words of the Bible
• all people with faith are equal people don't need a priest to interpret the bible for them

europe

• Michelangelo painted the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel

we didn't do anything today. Mr. Schick the period to study for the test next Friday on the renaissance. I actually feel really good about it. I might have missed a day but I've made up for it and have gotten all the questions/answers that will be on the test. If I do well on this my grade will be up to at least a high B, so I'm going to do my best to get this one and get my grade up before the end of the year.

Europe notes cont.

• chiaroscuro: light versus dark
• most paintings were religiously based
• the printing press (feat. movable type)
• Chinese had invented the printing press centuries before Johannes Gutenberg revolutionized it in Germany in 1439
• one of the most important and impactful inventions in history

Europe notes

• a super patron: Isabella d'Este
• educated, brilliant
• a gifted singer, lute player, innovative dancer
• wealthy, powerful parents
• she sponsored painters, sculptors, musicians, writers, architects
• a fashionista, she even designed her own perfume
• patron of de Vinci, Raphael, Michelangelo, Bellini, Correggio, and many more
• humanism
• deep interest in what people have already achieved as well as what they are capable of achieving in the future
• it's not a coincidence that humanism resembles the Greek idea of arete
• classical (ancient Greek and Roman) writings were important to them
• worldly (secular) values were essential - concerned with the here and now -
• Christian values still important but separate from secular values
• renaissance man/women
• someone who could master many fields of work
• women were not expected to create art, just inspire artists
• ultimate renaissance man: Leonardo de Vinci
• painter
• scientist
• inventor
• sculptors were realistic figures such as pieta
• carved from marble by Michelangelo from 1498-1499
• found in St. Peter's Basilica in Vatican City
• painters used perspective - using shadow and depth to create the illusion of three dimensions
• they sometimes painted frescoes
• a technique of mural painting executed upon freshly laid wet lime plaster
• pigment merges with the plaster, so the painting becomes an integral part of the wall
• writers wrote in the vernacular - their native language
• previously most scholarly writings were in Latin or Greek
• now literature was wore accessible to the masses
• they wrote to express their own thoughts and feelings
• Shakespeare (English)
• Dante Alighieri (Italian)
• niccolo mackiavelli (italian)
• the theme of Machiavelli the price was that the aims of princes - such as glory or survival - can justify the use of immoral means to achieve those ends

today

today, since I wasn't here Friday I had to catch up. I got my test back, I got an 84%. That's ok, I needed to get a 90% at least to get my grade and that didn't happen. So still stuck at 85%. Made test corrections thanks to zack. I got all the last questions, great. That definitely hurt my score. But we  still have another test coming up, and if I do good on that I should be able to get myself to a high B. Fingers crossed

• Renaissance = rebirth
• cities were the center of the action
• milan and florence had wealthy merchants and bankers
• northern italy: birth place of the renaissance
• artist in these cities was inspired by the former splendor of classical Greece and Rome
• merchants and the Medici
• merchants dominated political life
• the Medici was a powerful banking family
• they paid artisits, writers, and musicans to create beautiful works of art
• they were patrons

absent

i was not in class today because i am out of town for a basketball tournament

test day

oh my lord. I'm so scared for this one. This will make break my grade, I studied really hard for this and I hope it paid off. We had it first mod so I was really scared coming in first thing and having to take this. I'm sort of confident, not a lot but we'll see

test review

• people who settled on Rome
• Etruscan
• greeks
• latins
• latins settled on Palatine hill
• Tarquin was the seventh and final king
• lucretia was attacked by Sextus, committed suicide, people rose up against the king and got rid of them
• res publica - the people's affair
• democracy
• aristocracy
• plus monarchy
• not a tyranny
• republic comes from the word res publica
• both branches of gov had
• executive
• legislative
• judicial
• both have legal codes
• senate - 100 senators (two from each state) six-year terms
• house of representatives - 435
• 55 from Cali, MD has 8, AK, DE, MT, ND, SD, VT, WY had 1; two-year terms
• SPQR judicial had praetors that only did criminal cases
• twelve tables
• publicly displayed in the forum
• gave rights to plebeians, not just aristocrats
• only protected free born male citizens
• bill of rights
• first ten amendments to the constitution
• 5,000 soldiers are a legion
• 80 people is a century
• first Punic war; a naval battle over Sicily, Rome wins, 264-241
• second Punic war; Hannibal tried to invade Rome by coming from the north, Rome won, 218-201
• third Punic war; Rome destroys Carthage, Carthage people who weren't killed were slaves, 149-146, the war ends
• latifundia: big farms
• poet Juvenal said Rome "anxiously hopes for two things; bread and circuses"
• julius caesar was a highly successful general and conquered the huge territory of Gaul
• first triumvirate: Pompey, Crassus, and Julius
• crossing the Rubicon: crossing the point of no return

rome notes part 2

• democracy: the people's assembly and the tribunes
• aristocracy: the Senate-300 members
• plus monarchy: the consuls
• not a tyranny: a mistake the Romans did not care to repeat
• both roman and US gov had...
• three branches of government
• executive
• legislative
• judicial
• both have a legal code
• roman legions are 5000 soldiers, not in it for pay
• roman army's elite heavy infantry
• recruited  exclusively from Roman citizens
• group of eighty's a century
• on horseback is the calvary
• shields, swords, daggers, and amour and tunic
• the Punic wars
• 264-146 BCE
• rome vs Carthage
• three wars
• first war 264-241
• second war 218-201
• third war 149-146

rome notes

• Etruscan
• came from the north-central part of the peninsula
• metalworkers, artists, architects
• two foundation myths
• Virgil Aeneid
• the story of Remus and Romulus
• greeks
• had many colonies around the Mediterranean sea
• romans borrowed ideas from them; such as:
• religious beliefs
• alphabet
• much of their art
• military techniques and weaponry

Mr. Schick was back today, everything went well which is good to hear. I wasn't feeling super great so i wasn't able to take a lot of notes with the headache i had. In times like these i'm very thankful Mr. Schick puts the powerpoint online so i know what i have missed. We have one more review da before the test, aka monday and the test is tuesday

day 8

1.

• greco-roman culture: mixing elements of Greek, Hellenistic, and Roman cultures
• pompeii: a Roman town from the early second century B.C.
• virgil: a poet who spent te years writing the most famous work of Latin literature, the Aeneid
• tacitus: Roman historian, he presented facts accurately
• aqueduct: brought water into cities, supported by arches

5. it was the language of the Romans and remained after the fall of the empire. It was the official language of the Catholic church. Latin is a basis for many languages including French, Spanish, Portuguese, Italian, Romanian and English.

day 7

The United States is declining just like the Roman empire. One reason is that we are spending money on items that aren't that important, such as a trillion-dollar upgrade of our already huge nuclear arsenal. For a while now our presidents have been eager to spend over one trillion dollars on the budget of our national security state, even when there are many other important things that we need to fix. The United States has always wanted to have power, but if they keep spending money on unimportant material items, our country will crumble. Also, we need to focus on our military and our government because those are the people who affect the country most. We can't keep throwing our money away. We need to use it for reasons that will help our country.

day 6

1.

• inflation: a drastic drop in the value of money coupled with a raise in prices
• mercenary: foreign soldiers who fought for money
• diocletian: strong-willed army leader; became emperor in A.D. 284
• constantinople: the city of Constantine, after Constantine's death the empire would be divided
• attila: powerful chieftain

3. economy; military and political turmoil

4. doubled the size of the military, set fixed prices for goods

5. So many Germanic Tribes started invading the Roman  Empire because the Huns ruler Attila wanted power

day 5

1. 

• jesus: the son of god, jews messiah
• apostle: jesus' disciples or pupils
• paul: an apostle of jesus, the most influence on Christianity's development
• diapora: dispersal of the jews
• Constantine: roman emperor
• bishop: a priest who supervised several local churches
• peter: an apostle of jesus, traveled to rome from Jerusalem and become the first bishop there
• pope: father or head of the church

3. god's personal relationship to each human being, people's love for god, their neighbors, enemies, and even themselves and god would end wickedness

4. they refused to worship the roman gods

5. it defined the basic beliefs of the church

day 4

The PowerPoint and the Rap are only a bit different from the textbook. The rap is more simple than the textbook. I can also understand it more, however, the textbook gives more information on what we are learning. Some of the information is not included in the PowerPoint. This makes me think it is not the most important points we need to know. The textbook gives a good perspective on the life and events that happened back then. Most of the information on the PowerPoint and in the rap is what we need to know.